from The Lengthening of Childhood
David Deming
Susan Dynarski
Working Paper 14124
June 2008
Angrist, Joshua D., and Alan B. Krueger. 1991. “Does Compulsory School Attendance Affect Schooling and Earnings?" (pdf file) Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(4): 979–1014.
Angrist, Joshua D., and Alan B. Krueger. 1992. “The Effect of Age at School Entry on Educational Attainment: An Application of Instrumental Variables with Moments from Two Samples.” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 87(418): 328–36. (pdf file)
Ariès, Philippe. 1962. Centuries of Childhood. New York: Random House.
Barnsley, R. H., and A. H. Thompson. 1988. Birthdate and Success in Minor Hockey: The Key to the NHL. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 20(2): 167–76.
Barnsley, R. H., A. H. Thompson, and P. E. Barnsley. 1985. Hockey Success and Birthdate: The Relative Age Effect. Journal of the Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, November–December, pp. 23–28.
Bedard, Kelly, and Elizabeth Dhuey. 2006. “The Persistence of Early Childhood Maturity: International Evidence of Long-Run Age Effects.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(4):
1437–72.
Bedard, Kelly, and Elizabeth Dhuey. 2007. “Is September Better than January? The Effect of Minimum School Entry Age Laws on Skill Accumulation.” (pdf file)
Black, Sandra, Paul Devereaux, and Kjell Salvanes. 2008. “Too Young to Leave the Nest? The Effects of School Starting Age.” NBER Working Paper 13969.
Bracey, Gerald. 1989. “Age and Achievement.” Phi Delta Kappan, 70(9): 732.
Card, David, and Thomas Lemieux. 2001. “Dropout and Enrollment Trends in the Postwar Period: What Went Wrong in the 1970s?” In Risky Behavior among Youths: An Economic Analysis, ed. Jonathan Gruber, chap. 9. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cascio, Elizabeth. 2005. “School Progression and the Grade Distribution of Students: Evidence from the Current Population Survey.” IZA Discussion Paper 1747.
Cascio, Elizabeth, and Diane Schanzenbach. 2007. “First in the Class? Age and the Education Production Function.” NBER Working Paper 13663.
College Board. 2005. “Advanced Placement Report to the Nation.”
Crosser, Sandra. 1998. “He Has a Summer Birthday: The Kindergarten Entrance Age
Dilemma.” ERIC Digest ED423079 1998-09-00. (pdf file)
Danziger, Sheldon, and Cecilia Rouse, eds. 2007. The Price of Independence: The Economics of Early Adulthood. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Datar, Ashlesha. 2006. “Does Delaying Kindergarten Entrance Give Children a Head Start?” Economics of Education Review, 25(1): 43–62.
Dee, Thomas. 2004. “Are There Civic Returns to Education?” Journal of Public Economics, 88(9): 1697–720.
Dhuey, Elizabeth, and Stephen Lipscomb. 2007. “Disabled or Young? Relative Age and
Special Education Diagnoses in Schools.” (pdf file)
Dobkin, Carlos, and Fernando Ferreira. 2007. “Do School Entry Laws Affect Educational
Attainment and Labor Market Outcomes?”
Elder, Todd, and Darren Lubotsky. Forthcoming. “Kindergarten Entrance Age and Children’s Achievement: Impacts of State Policies, Family Background, and Peers.” Journal of Human Resources.
Elson, John. 1989. “The Redshirt Solution.” TIME Magazine, November13.
Frederick, Carl, and Robert Hauser. 2006. “Have We Put an End to Social Promotion?
Changes in Grade Retention Rates among Children Ages 6 to 17 from 1972 to 2003.”
(pdf file)
Fredriksson, Peter, and Bjorn Ockert. 2005. “Is Early Learning Really More Productive? The Effect of School Starting Age on School and Labor Market Performance.” IZA Discussion Paper 1659, Institute for the Study of Labor.
Freeman, Richard. 1976. The Overeducated American. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Glamser, Francis D., and John Vincent. 2004. “The Relative Age Effect among Elite
American Youth Soccer Players.” Journal of Sport Behavior, March 1.
Graue, Elizabeth. 2006. “Engineering the Perfect Kindergarten.” Teachers College Record,
September 13.
Graue, Elizabeth, and James DiPerna. 2000. “Redshirting and Early Retention: Who Gets the ‘Gift of Time’ and What are Its Outcomes?” American Educational Research Journal, 37(2): 509–34.
Grondin, Simon, and Jochen Much. 2001. “Unequal Competition as an Impediment to
Personal Development: A Review of the Relative Age Effect in Sport.” Developmental Review,
21(2): 147–61.
Heckman, James, and Paul LaFontaine. 2007. “The American High School Graduation Rate: Trends and Levels.” NBER Working Paper 13670.
Heckman, James, and Dimitriy Masterov. 2007. “The Productivity Argument for Investing in Young Children.” Review of Agricultural Economics, 29(3): 446–93.
Kett, Joseph. 2003. “Reflections on the History of Adolescence in America.” The History of the Family, 8(3): 355–73.
Kirp, David. 2007. The Sandbox Investment: The Preschool Movement and Kids-First Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Lincove, Jane, and Gary Painter. 2006. “Does the Age that Children Start Kindergarten
Matter? Evidence of Long-Term Educational and Social Outcomes.” Educational Evaluation
and Policy Analysis, 28(2):153–79. (pdf file)
Lleras-Muney, Adriana. 2005. “The Relationship between Education and Adult Mortality in the United States.” Review of Economic Studies 72(1): 189–221. (pdf file)
Lochner, Lance, and Enrico Moretti. 2004. “The Effect of Education on Crime: Evidence
from Prison Inmates, Arrests, and Self-Reports.” American Economic Review, 94(1): 155–89.
Mayer, Susan, and David Knutson. 1999. “Does the Timing of School Affect How Much
Children Learn?” In Earning and Learning: How Schools Matter, ed. Susan Mayer and Paul
Peterson, 79–104. Washington, DC: Brookings.
Milligan, Kevin, Enrico Moretti, and Philip Oreopoulos. 2004. “Does Education Improve Citizenship? Evidence from the U.S. and the U.K.” Journal of Public Economics, 88(9–10): 1667–95.
National Commission on Excellence in Education. 1983. A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
Oreopoulos, Philip. 2007. “Do Dropouts Drop Out Too Soon? Wealth, Health and Happiness from Compulsory Schooling.” Journal of Public Economics, 91(11–12): 2213–29.
Oreopoulos, Philip. Forthcoming. “Should We Raise the Minimum School Leaving Age to Help Disadvantaged Youth? Evidence from Recent Changes to Compulsory Schooling in the United States.” In An Economic Framework for Understanding and Assisting Disadvantaged Youth, ed. Jonathan Gruber.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 2004. Education at Glance:
OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD.
Puhani, Patrick, and Andrea Weber. 2007. “Does the Early Bird Catch the Worm?
Instrumental Variable Estimates of Early Educational Effects of Age of School Entry in
Germany.” Empirical Economics, 32(2–3): 359–86. (pdf file)
Shepard, Lorrie, and Mary Lee Smith. 1988. “Escalating Academic Demand in Kindergarten: Counterproductive Policies.” The Elementary School Journal, 89(2):134–45.
Shepard, Lorrie, and Mary Lee Smith. 1989. “Introduction and Overview.” In Lorrie Shepard and Mary Lee Smith, eds., Flunking Grades: Research and Policies on Retention. New York: Taylor and Francis.
Stevenson, Betsy, and Justin Wolfers. 2007. “Marriage and Divorce: Changes and Their
Driving Forces.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(2):27–52.
Stipek, Deborah. 2002. “At What Age Should Children Enter Kindergarten? A Question for
Policy Makers and Parents.” Social Policy Report, 16(2): 3–16.
Spira, Greg. 2008. “The Boys of Late Summer: Why Do So Many Pro Baseball Players Have
August Birthdays?” Slate Magazine, posted April 16.
U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. 2007. The
Condition of Education 2007. (NCES 2007–064). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
Office.
Vinovskis, M. 1995. “School Readiness and Early Childhood Education.” In Learning from the
Past, ed. Diane Ravitch and Maris A. Vinovskis, chap. 10. Baltimore, MA: John Hopkins
University Press.
Weil, Elizabeth. 2007. “When Should a Kid Start Kindergarten?” New York Times Magazine,
Sunday, June 3.
Whittaker, William. 2005. “Child Labor in America: History, Policy, and Legislative Issues.”
CRS Report for Congress, Order code RL31501, Congressional Research Service.
and:
Werner, F. Helsen, Van Winckel, Jan, and Williams, Mark. "The relative age effect in youth soccer across Europe."Journal of Sports Sciences, June 2005; 23(6): 629 – 636.
Daiji Kawaguchi. The Effect of Age at School Entry on Education and Income, June 2006 ESRI Discussion Paper Series No.162, Economic and Social Research Institute Cabinet Office Tokyo, Japan. (pdf file)
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
2 comments:
Most parents redshirt their children because they want them to succeed. There is absolutely nothing wrong with that.
However, I do think that a parent who redshirts their child is probably doing many other things to help that child be successful. In comparison to other parents, perhaps they are more driven than the average.
This is also a parent who has the resources for an additional year of preschool or to stay home and forgo the income. It's probably safe to say that these redshirted kids, are for the most part, very lucky children who have parents with high expectations of them. These are the kids with the private tutors, violin lessons, and one-on-one coaching sessions in the off season. I would guess (again, I have absolutely no research), that these children are advantaged by much more than just their age.
It's not surprising to me, then, that the statistics would show that redshirted kids do better at one thing or another than their average younger peers when no other variables are controlled. How they compare to gifted younger peers, equally advantaged younger peers, younger peers with parents as involved with and invested in their education, may be another matter altogether.
Yes, agree. We have many teacher fams and wealthy fams that redshirt boys with summer b-days. Aside from the gain in maturity to handle all day kindy and the academic tutoring in elementary, the other big reasons to redshirt are to gain the extra year of playing time in Varsity sports (7&8th graders can play Varsity) & to stay with the same cohort in little league baseball (LLB cutoff July 31, District Dec 1). Fortunately LLB changed their cutoff in 2006(to Dec 31) so the latter isn't a big reason to redshirt anymore.
>>How they compare to gifted younger peers, equally advantaged younger peers, younger peers with parents as involved with and invested in their education, may be another matter altogether.
The answer can be seen in the state test results. Our district let us see the answer by inference as they publicly handed out certificates to the '4's (we are so unrigorous that only about 5% max will get a 4 on ELA).
Post a Comment