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We review the growing literature on health numeracy, the ability to understand and use numerical information, and its relation to cognition, health behaviors, and medical outcomes. Despite the surfeit of health information from commercial and noncommercial sources, national and international surveys show that many people lack basic numerical skills that are essential to maintain their health and make informed medical decisions. Low numeracy distorts perceptions of risks and benefits of screening, reduces medication compliance, impedes access to treatments, impairs risk communication (limiting prevention efforts among the most vulnerable), and, based on the scant research conducted on outcomes, appears to adversely affect medical outcomes. Low numeracy is also associated with greater susceptibility to extraneous factors (i.e., factors that do not change the objective numerical information). That is, low numeracy increases susceptibility to effects of mood or how information is presented (e.g., as frequencies vs. percentages) and to biases in judgment and decision making (e.g., framing and ratio bias effects). Much of this research is not grounded in empirically supported theories of numeracy or mathematical cognition, which are crucial for designing evidence-based policies and interventions that are effective in reducing risk and improving medical decision making. To address this gap, we outline four theoretical approaches (psychophysical, computational, standard dual-process, and fuzzy trace theory), review their implications for numeracy, and point to avenues for future research.
How Numeracy Influences Risk Comprehension and Medical Decision Making
by:
Valerie F. Reyna | Cornell University
Wendy L. Nelson and Paul K. Han | National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
Nathan F. Dieckmann | Decision Research, Eugene, Oregon; and University of Oregon
Psychological Bulletin | 2009, Vol. 135, No. 6, 943–973
in a nutshell:
Despite the surfeit of health information from commercial and noncommercial sources, national and international surveys show that many people lack basic numerical skills that are essential to maintain their health and make informed medical decisions.
2 comments:
RE: nutshell...
Well said. The original author was obviously on a piece work compensation plan.
Seriously though, couldn't this be said about all aspects of life, not just health decisions? My favorite societal benchmark is to give the McDonalds clerk an extra nickel after they've hit the enter button. It's fun to watch the heads explode and I often make a bit of money in the process.
What's even more frightening, is that people are actually proud of this.... as they lose their houses b/c they cannot manage their cheque books, understand their mortgages, their credit cards, the stock market....
Then they complain that nobody ever told them....
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